The most common and characteristic feature of a hill road is the hairpin bend, which is a 180-degree turn used to negotiate steep slopes and change elevation. Other frequently found features include steep gradients, narrow widths, and essential drainage structures like retaining walls for stability.
What are the special structures used in hill roads?
- Special structures are often required for hill roads, such as retaining walls, drainage structures, and hairpin turns to navigate steep terrain without excessive length. Proper drainage, slope stability, and sight lines are important design considerations.
They include curved alignments, retaining walls, drainage features, and formation in cuttings or embankments. Landslides are a key hazard for hill roads and can be caused by heavy rainfall, erosion, earthquakes, or human activities like mining.
Hill roads have difficulties in alignment and construction due to steep gradients, sharp turns, and limited width. Heavy rainfall can cause landslides and damage. Drainage structures, snow clearance in snowy areas, preventing landslides, and controlling avalanches are key maintenance aspects.
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Which road is known as Death Road?
The Yungas Road, commonly referred to as Death Road, is a 64-kilometre (40 mi) long cycle and vehicle route linking the city of La Paz with the Yungas region of Bolivia. It was built in the 1930s by the Bolivian government to connect the capital city of La Paz to the Amazon Rainforest in the north part of the country.
Hill areas often face problems related to soil erosion and water runoff during intense rainfall and landslides. Ecological design principles for hills suggest aligning routes with the natural topography to minimise disruption of the original landscape while maximising landscape surfaces.
The primary features of roads include lanes, sidewalks (pavement), roadways (carriageways), medians, shoulders, verges, bike paths (cycle paths), and shared-use paths.
A hill road may be defined as the one which passes through a terrain with a cross slope of 25% or more. There may be sections along hill roads with the cross slope less than 25%, especially when the road follows a river route. Even then these sections are also referred to as hill roads.
Intercepting drains, also known as catch-water drains, are provided in the uphill slope of hill roads to intercept the water and lead it to a natural water steam. A typical arrangement is shown in Figure 5.14. Slopes of high embankments get eroded by rain water. Deep rain cuts are formed, which endanger the pavement.
Specifically, the “57” in its name represents the sieve size that the stone can pass through, typically ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 inches in diameter (averaging ~3/4 in). This size is considered medium and is among the most commonly used gravels in various applications.
The four main types of retaining walls are gravity retaining walls, cantilever retaining walls, embedded retaining walls, and reinforced soil retaining walls.
For example, a cross slope of 2% means the surface drops 2 units vertically for every 100 units horizontally. Cross slopes facilitate drainage, allowing water to flow off the surface rather than pooling.
What are the different types of curves used in a hill road?
There are two main types: horizontal curves and vertical curves. Horizontal curves include hairpin curves, which turn 180 degrees down a hillside, salient curves which curve outward on the hillside and are dangerous for traffic, and re-entrant curves which curve inward in a valley and provide better visibility.
Hill Roads are roads passing through a terrain having a cross slope of 25% or more. Generally, the roads that are constructed in mountainous regions come under Hill roads. These are also called Ghat roads.
A 2% slope means that a surface (such as a road or a train track) change in elevation by 2 units over a run of 100 units. This means that a 2% slope is present when the rise changes by 2 meters (or feet) over a run of 100 metres (or feet).
The document discusses guidelines for side slopes of embankments and cuttings for roads. It recommends side slopes between 1:4 and 1:2 for embankments up to 12 meters high, and between 1:2 and near vertical for various soil and rock types in cuttings.
Landslides occur in hilly areas due to cloudburst or heavy rains. Change in the direction of the flow of rivers is caused due to earthquake. A frequently occurring natural disaster in all parts of the world is Flood. Forest fires cause great damage to natural wealth and biodiversity.
Forest-based Livelihoods: Collection of firewood, medicinal plants, and fruits from forests supports many families. Tourism: In some hilly areas, tourism provides employment through hotels, guides, and handicrafts. Water Management: Use of natural springs and streams for irrigation and drinking water is common.
Those settled at lower altitudes (970 m) are taller and muscular than compatriots settled at higher altitudes (3500 m). While lower socioeconomic status is implicated in growth retardation at higher altitudes, the smaller stature in adults in well-off communities says otherwise.
